|  Botany
Malunggay is a much-branched small tree growing as high as 9 meters, with a soft and white wood and corky and gummy bark. Leaves are alternate, usually thrice pinnate, 25 to 50 centimeters long. Each compound leaf contains 3-9 very thin
leaflets dispersed on a compound (3 times pinnate) stalk. The leaflets are thin, ovate to elliptic, and 1 to 2 centimeters long. Flowers are white
and fragrant, 1.5 to 2 centimeters long, on spreading panicles. Pod is 15 to 30 centimeters long, pendulous, three-angled, and nine-ribbed. Seeds are three-angled, and winged on the angles.
Distribution
• Planted throughout the Philippines in settled areas at low and medium altitudes.
• Introduced from Malaya or some other
part of tropical Asia in prehistoric times.
• A common backyard
vegetable and a border plant.
• Now pantropic.
Propagation
• Propagation by seeds and stem cuttings.
• Mature malunggay cuttings should be 2 centimeters or more in diameter and not less than 80 cm (30 inches) in length. Mature cuttings are preferred as they sprout earlier and grow faster.
• The only pests known to attack malunggay are mites of the Tetranychus spp.
Properties
• Root
has the taste of horseradish.
• Considered galactagogue,
rubefacient, antiscorbutic, diuretic, stimulant, purgative, antibiotic,
antifungal.
• Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor activities on mice studies.
• Antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-ulcer.
• Estrogenic, antiprogestational, hypoglycemic, antihyperthyroidism,
hypocholesterolemic, antihyperthyroid, antispasmodic.
• Considered abortifacient and emmenagogue.
• Purported to be beneficial for decreasing blood pressure, relieving
headaches and migraines, reducing inflammatory and arthritic pains,
anti-ulcer, anti-tumor. Purported to be beneficial for decreasing blood
pressure, relieving headaches and migraines, reducing inflammatory and
arthritic pains.
• Studies have suggested anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, antiurolithiatic, antidiabetic, chemopreventive, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, antiasthmatic, antioxidant, antifungal, chemomodulatory, analgesic, water-purifying, wound healing, cardioprotedtive, anthelmintic, antiatherogenic properties.
Constituents
• Root yields a essential oil, pungent and offensive in odor.
• Seed contains traces of an acrid and pungent alkaloid, Ben of Behen oil, which contains palmitic, stearic, myristic, oleic, and behenic acids, phytosterin;
two alkaloids the mixture of which has the same action as epinephrine.
• Bark exudes a reddish gum with the properties of tragacanth, which is utilized for tanning.
• Gum yields bassorin, dextrin, enzyme myrosin and emulsin. The astringency of the gum is attributed to the presence of moringo-tannic acid
• Studies of MO leaves have yielded phytochemicals to which are
attributed hypotensive effects and anti-cancer properties. The root
bark has sex hormone-related properties.
• Root bark contains alkaloids, moringine which is similar to
benzylamine, and moringinine; traces of essential oil, phytosterol,
waxes and resins. Also contains a rich combination of zeatin, quercetin,
beta-sitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid, pterygospermin and kaempferol.
• Comparative content: Gram for gram, 7 times the vitamin C in
oranges, 4 times the calcium and twice the protein in milk, 4 times
the vitamin A in carrots, 3 times the potassium in bananas.
• 100 gms or 1 cup of cooked malunggay leaves contain 3.1 g protein,
0.6 g fiber, 96 mg calcium, 29 mg phosphorus, 1.7 mg iron, 2,820 mg
beta-carotene, 0.07 mg thiamin, 0.14 mg riboflavin, 1.1 mg niacin,
and 53 mg of vitamin C. (Dr.
Lydia Marero of the Food and Drug Research Institute -FNRI)
• 100 g of edible portion of leaves yield: water 77.5 g; energy 91.0 kcal; protein 6.1 g; fat 1.9 g; carbohydrates 12.4 g; fiber 1.8 g; ash 2.1 g; calcium 346.0 mg; phosphorus 118.0 mg, iron 4.5 mg, vitamin A 1,290.0 µg; thiamine 0.21 mg, riboflavin 0.52 mg, niacin 3.1 mg, ascorbic acid 231.0 mg. (The Philippine Food Composition Tables, 1997. Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology [FNRI-DOST]).
 -Chemical composition and nutritional analysis of dried M. oleifera leaf powder collected from Mexico yielded varying moisture levels 3.06 to 3.34%, lipids 10.21 to 10.31%, fiber 7.29 to 9.46%, ashes 10.71to11.18%, crude protein 10.74 to 11.48%, and carbohydrate 54.61 to 57.61%. Predominant elements were calcium 2016.5-2620.5 mg/100g, potassium 1817 to 1845 mg/100g, and magnesium 322.5 to 340.6 mg/100g. HPLC yielded phenolic acids (gallic and chlorogenic acids) and flavonoids (rutin, luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol). (46)
- Macronutrient analysis of dried leaves (g/100g) yielded maximum values of 11.8% moisture, 30.3g proteins, 17.1g lipids, 19.9g crude fibers, 11.1g ashes, 63.1g carbohydrates, 355.7 kcal energy, 1488.2 kJ energy.
(51)
- Phytochemical analysis of ethanol extract of leaves yielded tannins, carbohydrates, saponins, glycosides, reducing sugars, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, and alkaloids. (see study below)
(52)
- Biochemical study on seed oil
showed the sterol fraction to be rich in ß-sitosterol (45.11%), stigmasterol (19.20%), campesterol (16.90%), and Δ5-avenasterol (10.00%). Major fatty acids identified were oleic acid (65.00%). (58)
- Phenolic and tocopherol content (ppm) of MO oil showed total phenolic compound of 160.00±8.90, α-tocopherol 150.00±7.50, γ-tocopherol 70.80±4.10, and δ-tocopherol 55.50±3.15. Sterol analysis yielded 12 components with ß-sitosterol (45.11±3.11), stigmasterol (19.20±1.33) and campesterol (16.90±0.91) as main components. (58)
- Seed analysis yielded (%dry weight) moisture 4.90±0.55, oil 45.00±4.10, protein 7.10±0.65, fiber 5.30±0.61, ash 31.65±2.90, and carbohydrate 10.95±1.15
.
(58)
- Study shows immature pods contain about 46.78% fiber and around 20.66% protein. Pods yield about 30% amino acid content, leaves 44% and flowers with 31%. Immature flowers and pods showed similar amounts of palmitic, linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids. (59)
- Preliminary phytochemical screening of leaves yielded carbohydrates, protein, steroid, flavonoids, tannin, alkaloids, glycosides (saponin, anthraquinone, cynogenetic). Protein was maximum in leaves (23.35%) followed by fiber, starch, oil, sugar, alkaloid, tannin, flavanoid, and phenolic. (see study below)
Parts utilized
Flowers, leaves, young
pods
Uses
Nutritional
• Flowers, young leaves
and young pods eaten as a vegetable inn the Philippines, Malaya, and India.
• In Malaya, seeds also eaten as peanuts.
• Seeds can be removed from pods and boiled like peas, fried or eaten like peanuts.
• Leaves can be used as fresh leaves (used like spinach or as supplement for sauces) or dried powder. Dried leaves can be milled and added to sauces or porridges.
• Flowers can be cooked or fried, or added to relishes.
• Roots are used as seasoning because of it horseradish flavor.
• Young leaves are a rich source of calcium, iron, phosphorus and vitamins A, B and C.
• High in HDL (high density lipoproteins); a source of amino acids,
omega oils, antioxidants.
• Young fruit yields a high amount of protein and phosphorus, a fair source of calcium and iron.
Folkloric
-
Decoction of leaves used
for hiccups, asthma, gout, back pain, rheumatism, wounds and sores.
- Young leaves, usually boiled, used to increase the flow of breast milk.
- Pods for intestinal parasitism.
- Leaves and fruit used for constipation.
- Decoction of boiled roots used to wash sores and ulcers.
- Decoction of the bark used for excitement, restlessness.
- In India pounded roots used as poultice for inflammatory swelling. Flowers used for catarrh, with young leaves or young pods.
- In Nicaragua decoction of roots used for dropsy.
- Roots have been used as abortifacient. In India, bark is used as abortifacient.
- Decoction of root-bark used as fomentation to relieve spasms; also, for calculous affections.
- Gum, mixed with sesamum oil, used for relief of earaches. Same, also reported as abortifacient.
- In Java, gum used for intestinal complaints.
- Roots chewed and applied to snake bites.
- Decoction of roots is considered antiscorbutic; also used in delirious patients.
- Juice of roots is used for otalgia.
- Bark used as rubefacient remedy.
- Decoction of roots is use as gargle for hoarseness and sore throat.
- Leaves used as purgative.
- Chewing of leaves used in gonorrhea to increase urine flow.
- Fresh roots used as stimulant and diuretic.
- Seeds for hypertension, gout, asthma, hiccups, and as a diuretic.
- Rheumatic complaints: Decoction of seeds; or, powdered roasted seeds
applied to affected area.
- Juice of the root with milk used for asthma, hiccups, gout, lumbago.
- Poultice of leaves applied for glandular swelling.
- Pounded fresh leaves mixed with coconut oil applied to wounds and cuts.
- The flowers boiled with soy milk thought to have aphrodisiac quality.
- Root is rubefacient and plaster applied externally as counterirritant.
- In Egypt, powder from dried seeds has been used as a handwash.
- In West Bengal, India, roots
taken by women, esp prostitutes, for permanent contraception (Studies
have shown total inactivation or suppression of the reproductive system).
- In African savannah, used in the treatment of rheumatic and articular pains.
- In Zambia, used for treatment of hypertension, asthma and diabetes; also used to boost appetite. (85)
Others
• Dye: In Jamaica the wood is used for dyeing blue color.
• Oil: known as ben oil,
extracted from flowers can be used as illuminant, ointment base, and
absorbent in the enfleurage process of extracting volatile oils from
flowers. |With ointments, the oil allows longer shelf life without undergoing oxidation. The oil, applied locally, has also been helpful for arthritic
pains, rheumatic and gouty joints.
• Water purifier: Moringa seed powder has been used as water purifier. Its water-clarifying property has been attributed to a positively charged protein call MOPC (Moringa oleifera Cationic Protein)—the crushed seeds added to water will kill some of the microbes, clumping together, and settling at the bottom of the container.
Breast feeding
women
• Malunggay leaves
and pods are helpful in increasing breast milk in the breast-feeding
months. One tablespoon of leaf powder provide 14% of the protein, 40%
of the calcium, 23% of the iron and most of the vitamin A needs of a
child aged one to three. Six tablespoons of leaf powder will provide
nearly all of the woman's daily iron and calcium needs during pregnancy
and breast-feeding.
Recent uses and preparation:
- Constipation: Eat one or two cups of the cooked leaves at supper time,
with plenty of water.
Wound wash: Apply crushed leaves directly to the wound, maintaining
cleanliness during the process.
 Studies
• Anti-Inflammatory
/ Anti-tumor: A
study showed the crude ethanol extract of dried seeds inhibited the
carrageenan-induced inflammation in the hind paw of mice by 85% at a
dosage of 3 mg/g body weight; the mature green seeds by 77%. The
crude ethanol extract also inhibited the formation of Epstein-Barr virus-early
antigen (EBV-EA) induced by 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA).
At a dosage of 100 ?g/ml, the extract inhibited EBV-EA formation by
100% suggesting its antitumor-promoting activity. (1)
• Ovarian Cancer: Possible Role of Moringa
oleifera Lam. Root in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A hormonal etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer has been long suspected. Study suggests
M Oleifera can interfere with hormone receptor-related and neoplastic growth-related cytokine pathways through centrally acting mechanisms.
• Anti-Asthma / Seed Kernels / A Clinical Study: Study showed improvement
in forced vital capacity, FEV1, and peak expiratory flow rate. It suggests
a usefulness for MO seed kernel in patients with asthma. (3) Study evaluated the efficacy and safety of seed kernels of M. oleifera in the treatment of bronchial asthma in 20 patients with mild to moderate asthma. Treatment for three weeks produced significant improvement in forced vital capacity, FEV1, and peak expiratory flow rate. None of the patients showed adverse effects. (91)
• Antibiotic: 50 years ago, a
study yielded Pterygospermin, a compound that readily dissociates into
two molecules of benzyl isothiocyanate which has been shown to have
antimicrobial properties. Unfortunately, many of the reports of antibiotic
efficacy in humans were not from placebo controlled, randomized clinical
trials. Recent studies have demonstrated possible efficacy against
H. pylori.
• Hormonal properties / Abortifacient:
Biochemical observations and histologic findings have been correlated
with the anti-implantation action of aqueous extracts, one possible
explanation for its use as an abortifacient. source
• Antiurolithiatic:
Study showed lowering of stone forming constituents in the kidneys of
calculogenic rats with the use of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of
MO suggesting antiurolithiatic activity. (6)
• Antimicrobial / Water Purifying:
Study of MO seeds paste for water purification yielded a steroidal glycoside,
strophantidin, a bioactive agent in the seed. The seed paste was found
effective in clarification and sedimentation of inorganic and organic
matter in raw water, reducing total microbial and coliform counts by
55% and 65% respectively, in 24 hours, compared to alum with 65% and
83% reduction. (7) Study has shown that the water purifying ability of moringa seed powder was due to a positively charged protein called the Moringa Oleifera Cationic Protein (MOCP), which when added to water was observed to kill some of the microbial microorganisms.
• Antipyretic / Wound Healing:
Study of the ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of MO showed significant
antipyretic activity in rats; the ethyl acetate extract of dried leaves
showed significant wound healing on rat wound models. (8)
• Analgesic / Seeds: Previous
studies have shown analgesic activity from the leaves of MO. This study
on the alcoholic extract of MO seeds showed potent analgesic activity
comparable to that of aspirin dose of 25 mg/kg BW. (9)
• Hepatoprotective / Antioxidant:
Study concluded that the alcoholic extracts of MO produced significant
hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity, the aqueous extracts of the
fruit less than the alcoholic extract. (10)
• Anti-Ulcer: Study of M oleifera extract showed ulcer by protection by modulating 5-HT secretion through EC dell via 5-HT3 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. (18)
• Anthelmintic: In a comparative study of the anthelmintic activity of M oleifera and V negundo against Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma, dose-dependent activity was observed with M oleifera showing more activity than V negundo. (14)
• Comparison with Atenolol: Study comparing the effects of M oleifera with atenolol in adrenaline-induced rats on serum cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose level, heart and body weight showed the M oleifera leave extract made significant changes in each cardiovascular parameter. (17)
• Antioxidant / Hypolipidemic / Anti-Atherosclerotic: Study showed lowering of cholesterol levels and reduction of the atherosclerotic plaque formation. Results indicate MO possesses antioxidant, hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic activities and has therapeutic potential for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.(19)
• Chemomodulatory / Chemopreventive: Study showed the possible chemopreventive potential of Moringa oleifera against chemical carcinogenesis. (20)
• Anti-Diabetic / Leaves: Study of the aqueous extract of MO leaves in STZ-induced sub, mild, and severely diabetic rats produced lowering of blood glucose levels, significant reduction in urine sugar and urine protein levels. Study validates scientifically claims on MO as ethnomedicine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. (21) Study formulated dehydrated green leafy tablets using drumstick leaves for a supplementation study to evaluate for antidiabetic property. Results showed drum stick leaves are a suitable source of green leafy vegetable to reduce diabetic complications. (48)
• Anti-Inflammatory: Study of the aqueous extract of roots in rats reduced the carrageenan-induced edema similar to the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin. (23)
• Analgesic / Leaves: Study showed the analgesic potential of leaves of malunggay in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing test. (24)
• Antioxidant Activity / Phenolic Content / Young and Mature Leaves : Study evaluated leaf extracts in two stages of maturity using standard in vitro methods. Results showed extracts of both mature and tender leaves have potent antioxidant activity against free radicals, preventing oxidative damage to major biomolecules and providing protection against oxidative dames. (25)
• Chemopreventive Potential / Colitis-Related Carcinogenesis: Study investigated the chemopreventive effect on azoxymethane (AOM)-initiated and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-promoted colon carcinogenesis in mice. Findings suggest M. oleifera pod exerts suppressive effects in colitis-related induced carcinogenesis models and could serve as a potential chemopreventive agent. (26)
• Antidiarrheal / Roots: Study evaluated a hydroalcoholic extract of root against castor oil-induced diarrhea model in rats. Results showed a significant and dose-dependent reduction in severity and frequency of diarrhea, intestinal fluid accumulation, intestinal content volume and transit time. (27)
• Augmentation of Breast Milk Volume: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial sought to determine if there is a significant difference in the volume of breast milk on postpartum days 3 to 5 among mothers with preterm infants who take malunggay leaves compared to those given placebo. (28)
• Benefits in Chronic Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia: Review of current scientific data showed M. oleifera leaf powder holds some therapeutic potential for chronic hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. (29)
• Drinking Water Purification: The powder from seeds of M. oleifera tree has been shown to be an effective primary coagulant for water treatment. The powder acts as a coagulant binding colloidal particles and bacteria to form agglomerated particles (flocs). Study describes dosing methods: optimum dosage to remove turbidity, influence of pH and temperature and shelf life of the seeds. Seeds aged 24 months showed a significant decline in coagulant efficiency. (30)
• Arsenic Removal Using Activated Moringa oleifera: A new low cost adsorbent, activated Moringa oleifera has been developed for aqueous arsenic removal. Study concludes that M. oleifera is an effective and alternative biomass for removing As(V) from aqueous solution due to high bio-sorption capacity, easy availability, and being environmentally friendly. (31)
• Enhancement of Cytotoxic Effect of Cisplatin: Moringa oleifera synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin on Panc-1-cells. It inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer cells, the cells NF-kB signaling pathway, land increased the efficacy of chemotherapy in human pancreatic cancer cells. (32)
• Leaf Powder as Handwashing Product: Moringa oleifera leaf powder was tested as a hand washing product on hands artificially contaminated with E. coli. In dried and wet application forms, the powder had the same effect as non-medicated soap. M. oleifera could be very useful in places where soap or water is not available, and where the tree grows naturally. (33)
• Gastroprotective / Antioxidant / Induced Ulcers: Study of alcoholic leaves extract in pylorus-ligated, ethanol, cold restraint stress, and aspirin-induced ulcer in rats showed dose-dependent gastroprotective effects attributed to the antioxidant property of the extract. The antioxidant defense mechanism of the extract was probably due to metabolizing lipid peroxides and scavenging H2O2. (34)
• Moringinine / Cardioprotective / Blood Pressure Lowering Effect / Hypocholesterolemic: Root bark yields the alkaloid moringinine. Review reports on bioactive compounds from M. oleifera leaves that exert direct effect on blood pressure. Compounds with blood pressure lowering effect including nitrile, mustard oil glycosides, and thiocarbamate glycosides present in the leaves. (35)
• Adsorption / Municipal Solid Waste Leachate: Study showed M. oleifera seed coagulant could be employed effectively for removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Dissolved Solids in a municipal solid waste leachate. (37)
• Preformulation Study on M. oleifera Gum: A preformulation study on the gum of Moringa oleifera found the gum to be hygroscopic and organoleptically acceptable, with a potential to be used in different pharmaceutical formulations and food preparations. (38)
• Chelation of Heavy Metals: Study reports the use of Moringa oleifera as a natural chelating agent gave a significant improvement in the depollution of contaminated water sample. (39)
• Stem Bark in Urinary Tract Infection: Study evaluated stem bark of Moringa oleifera as a potential medicine for 30 patients with urinary tract infections. Results showed 66.67% cured, 13.33% improved, 13.33% with no change. Report suggests a large scale study. (40)
• As Biolubricant Blend with SAE40: Study evaluated a blend of Moringa oleifera oil with conventional lubricant SAE40 for industrial application. The MOL 10 blend showed nearly same properties comparable with the base lubricant (SAE 40) in terms of density, viscosity and wear rate, suggesting it could be commercially viable for industrial application. (42)
• Antiatherogenic Effect of M. oleifera & MK-886: Book reports on the antiatherogenic activity of a hydroalcoholic extract of M. oleifera leaves and 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitor MK-886 in experimental animals.
(43)
• Cardiac Benefits and Obstetrical Benefits: Aqueous, ethanol, and ether extracts of M. oleifera leaves contain compounds that cause reduction of heart rate and cardiac muscle relaxation and may have benefit in the management of hypertension. The herb may also have obstetrical uses, but caution is given as it may cause contractions leading to miscarriages and abortions. (44)
• Antifungal / Environmental Impact on Shrimp Farming: The use of M. oleifera in the treatment of water for human consumption has been reported. The plant has shown inhibition of bacterial and fungal species. This study evaluated water treatment and inhibition of fungi in shrimp culture by use of MO extracts. Results showed different M. oleifera extracts exhibited antifungal activity against Candida spp. and H. weneckii. Chloroform extract of flowers showed better antifungal activity, inhibiting all fungal test strains. Results bring perspective to the use of MO extracts as an alternative to the practice of sustainable shrimp farming. (ROCHA, Marcos Fábio Gadelha et al. Moringa oleifera inhibits growth of Candida spp. and Hortaea werneckii isolated from Macrobrachium amazonicum prawn farming with a wide margin of safety. Moringa oleifera inibe o crescimento de Candida spp. e Hortaea werneckii isoladas da criação de camarões Macrobrachium amazonicum com ampla margem de segurança. Cienc. Rural [online]. 2014, vol.44, n.12, pp.2197-2203) (47)
• Adsorption Study / O. oleifera Seeds and Banana Peel / Removal of Pb, Ni, Cd: Study evaluated the effectiveness of MO seeds and Musa cavendish (banana) peels for removing heavy metals (lead, nickel and cadmium) from contaminated groundwater. Results showed Moringa seeds, banana peel and their combination have the potential as low-cost and natural alternative treatment material for the purification of drinking waters polluted with heavy metals such as Pb, Ni, and Cd. (49)
• Treatment of Surface Water with MO Seeds and Alum: Study using a pilot scale water treatment plant evaluated the treatment of turbid surface water from a stream using processed Moringa oleifera seed and alum as primary coagulants. Low residual turbidities were achieved from low, medium, and high initial turbidities. From a high turbidity (163 to 494 NTU), minimum residuals of 1.4, 1.9. and 0.9 NTU were achieved after treatment with MO, alum, and alum with MO as coagulant aid, respectively. The mechanism for turbidity removal by seed was attributed to a combination of partial-charge neutralization and micro-bridging or an electrostatic patch mechanism based on zeta potential measurements. (50)
• Weaning Food and Supplement: Study investigated the use of MO as supplement to West African weaning food produce, and assessing M. oleifera leaves in terms of nutritional values and anti-nutritional factors. Results showed MO not only increases protein value but also essential amino acids. There is also increase in vitamin A and B2 values, together with an increase in mineral values of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and phosphorus. Study confirms that the implementation of M. oleifera is positively correlated with the overall dietary quality of West African weaning foods. Although MO is not the single solution, it is a good source of important nutrients. (51)
• Acute Toxicity Study / Leaves: Study investigated the acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents of ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera. LD50 of ethanol leaf extract in mice was found to be less than 5000 mg/kg body weight. (see constituents above) (52)
• Abortifacient / Leaves: Study investigated the abortifacient potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. Results suggest the leaves may be abortifacient and potentially occurs in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. This information should be made available to women who are considering pregnancy and devotees of Moringa herbal medicine. (53)
• Toxicity Effects on Blood Indices of Graded Doses of Leaf Extract: Study investigated the effect of graded doses (2000, 3000, 5000, and 7000 mg/kg for 21 days) of M. oleifera leaf extract on blood indices of 20 adult wistar rats. Results suggest excessive consumption of aqueous leaf extract may have little effect on blood parameters with slight changes in white blood cells. (54)
• Anti-Migraine Activity / Leaves: Study explored the anti-migraine potential of an alcoholic fraction of leaf juice in three animal models of antimigraine studies. Results showed M. oleifera significantly reduced the apomorphine induced climbing behavior, 1-5-HTP induced syndrome, and MK801 induced hyperactivity in a dose dependent manner. Results indicate MO may be acting via dopaminergic and sertonergic receptors and suggests it may be effectively used in the treatment of migraine. (55)
• MO Cake Residue For Waste Water Treatment: Moringa oleifera cake residue (MOCR) is one of the alternatives to replace chemical coagulants for water treatments. MOCR exhibited an excellent reduction in turbidity (97% removed), together with bacterial reduction, elevation of dissolved oxygen (DO), and reduction of Pb (82.17%). MOCR can also be stored for as long as six months without affecting its biological properties. (56)
• Antibacterial / Leaves: Study evaluated the antibacterial activity of leaf juice and extracts of Moringa oleifera in vitro against human pathogenic bacteria. The fresh leaf juice and cold water extract of fresh leaves displayed potential antibacterial activity against all gram-positive and gram negative test bacteria. Results suggest a promising natural antimicrobial agent with potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry. (57)
• Biochemical Studies of Seed Oil: Study on biochemical analysis of seed oil from Saudi Arabia demonstrated attributes similar to other Moringa oils reported in literature. The fatty acid composition placed it in the category of high oleic oils. The considerable amount of tocopherol and phenolic compounds similar to that found in olive oil suggests it can be utilized as a source of vegetable oil for human consumption. (see constituents above) (58)
• Processing of Moringa: Phytochemicals are higher in raw seed flour and amino acid content was highest in fermented and germinated seed flour. Study evaluated leaves for retention of nutrients after boiling, simmering and blanching. Boiling was the most effective since it reduced the cyanide, oxalate, and phytate contents more significantly than the two other methods. (59)
• Dosing / Iron Overload Concern: Overuse may cause undue accumulation of iron. High iron can cause gastrointestinal distress and hemochromatosis. 70 g a day is suggested, a dose that prevents over accumulation of nutrients. (59)
• Preservation Methods: Moringa can be preserved for a long time without loss of nutrients. Leaves can be dried or frozen for storage. Preservation by dehydration improves shelf life. Study (Yang et al.) showed low temperature oven used to dehydrate the leaves retained more nutrients except vitamin C than freeze-dried leaves. (59)
• Drinking Water Purification / Seeds: Study of M. oleifera seeds—dried, dehusked, crushed and added to water—has shown it to be an effective primary coagulant for water treatment. Study evaluated the efficacy of seeds on parameters affecting the effectiveness of MO for purification of drinking water. Study showed the most suitable dosing method was to mix the powder in a concentrated paste to form a stock suspension. Seeds up to 18 months of age did not have any noticeable effect on dose level and percentage reduction in turbidity. At 24 months, there was a significant decline in coagulant efficiency. (60)
• Review of Safety Studies: Review of SafNo adverse effects were reported in any human studies to date, including a human study conducted with whole leaf powder at up to a single dose of 50 g or in a study using 8 gm per day dose for 40 days. Various animal studies on the general safety of extracts have demonstrated a very high degree of safety. (61)
• Healing Effect on UV-B Induced Psoriasis Changes in Rats / Aerial Parts: Study evaluated the healing effects of a methanolic extract of aerial parts on Ultraviolet light-B induced psoriasis-form changes in rats. Results showed enhanced fibroplasia, reduced inflammation and production of high amounts of scar tissue and enhanced rate of wound healing and re-epithelisation. (62)
• Anti-Termite / Leaf and Seed: Study evaluated the efficacy of leaf and seed extracts of M. oleifera polar and non-polar solvents on the mortality of workers and soldiers of subterranean termites, Odontotermes obesus (Ramb.) Minimum LT50 values were recorded in N-hexane leaf extracts at all concentrations, while the seed extract at 1% concentration showed a minimum LT50 of 181.87±9.13. (63)
• Anti-Hyperglycemic / Leaves: Study investigated the possible mechanism of action of M. oleifera extract in animal diabetic models. Results showed no significant changes in insulin secretion in vivo. There was substantial effect on retarded glucose absorption and in the in situ perfusion study of rat intestinal model. There was also inhibition of a-amylase action. Combined in vitro, in vivo and in situ test results justified an anti-hyperglycemic activity at a tissue level mechanism. (64)
• Water Treatment / Seeds: Seeds of M. oleifera are used as primary coagulant in drinking water clarification and water water treatment due to the presence of water-soluble cationic coagulant protein which reduces turbidity of treated water. Seeds are powdered and added to the water directly or after preparing crude extract. Protein powder showed more removal efficiency followed by de-oiled and shelled blended powder. (65) In search of a simple, effective, and low-cost technical solution for the access of safe drinking water, study suggests M. oleifera as an alternative, since the seeds yield a natural coagulant able to effectively reduce the turbidity of raw water. (66)
•
Mo-LPI / Protein Isolate / Antihyperglycemic and Antioxidant: Study isolated a leaf protein, Mo-LPI, and assessed its hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The Mo-LPI showed hemagglutinating activity and cross-reaction with anti-insulin antibodies. Results showed the protein to be a promising alternative as complementary agent in the treatment of diabetes. (67)
• Effect on Red and While Blood Cell Counts: Study evaluated the effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of M. oleifera on blood cell counts of Wistar rats. Results showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in both red and white cell counts suggesting the presence of active ingredients required for the formation and maturation of blood cells. (68)
• Hepatoprotective / Antioxidant / Leaves: Study evaluated the antioxidant capacity and hepatoprotective potential of M. oleifera against liver degradation caused by AS-AQ (Artesunate-Amodiaquine) antimalarial combination in female albino rats. The combination causes liver damage, neurotoxicity, agranulocytosis, and hemolytic anemia as adverse effects. The aqueous-methanol extract reduced liver cell distortion induced by high doses of AS-AW. Results suggest the leaves be useful in the mitigation of free-radical initiated disease conditions. The bioprotective activity of the leaves is attributed to its antioxidant properties due to phenolic, flavonoid, and ascorbic acid contents. (69)
• Resin as Polymer Electrolyte in DSSC Solar Cells: Preliminary study reports on the application of M. oleifera resin as polymer electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). (70)
• Effect on Winter Season Skin Sebum Secretion: Study evaluated the efficacy of M. oleifera on undersirable skin sebum secreted by sebaceous glands during winter season in humans. A cream formulated from 3% leaves extract significantly reduced undesirable skin sebum secretion during winter months. The results also suggest potential applications against acne vulgaris, acne rosacea and others. (71)
• Effect on Osteogenic Differentiation of Porcine Bone Marrow: Study investigated the effect of M. oleifera leaves extract on osteogenic differentiation of porcine bone marrow derives from mesenchymal stem cells. Results showed enhancement of osteogenic differentiation and suggest a potential for use in bone marrow regeneration in pre-clinical models and bone alternative medicine. (72)
• Antibacterial: Study evaluated powdered leaf, stem, and root methanol extracts for antimicrobial activities. The extracts showed antibacterial activities against all test bacteria. The stem extract showed better effectiveness against Salmonella typhi than standard Gentamicin with MIC of 10.89 and 13.88 mg/ml, respectively. (73)
• Moringa Leaves as Spice Component: Study evaluated the sensory, chemical, and microbial assessment of Moringa based spice in various formulations of nine blends of moringa-ginger-garlic. The moringa-ginger blend showed significantly low microbial count when compared to other blends. Results suggest moringa based spice products with 20% inclusion of moringa are acceptable for use in household consumable products. (74)
• Anxiolytic / Leaves: Study evaluated the anxiolytic effect of drumstick leaves using elevated plus maze (EPM) and staircase models at four doses. Results showed anxiolytic activity in both models at higher doses (200 and 400 mg/kg). (75)
• Potential Oral Anticancer Drug / Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma / Leaves: M. oleifera has been reported to have anticancer activity against various human cancer cell lines. Study evaluated leaf extracts in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Results showed significant reduction (44-52%) in proliferation of HepG2 cells and A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells. Results suggest the water soluble MOL extract may be a novel and promising natural anticancer drug candidate. (76)
• Antidiarrheal / Leaves:
Study evaluated the in vivo anti-diarrheal potential of M. oleifera leaves in a castor oil-induced model. At 150 and 300 mg/kbw, the extract showed significant )p<0.01) anti-diarrheal activity compared to control. (see constituents above) (77)
• Fodder Potential of Leaf Meal: Four thesis studies characterized Moringa oleifera as a fodder for dairy cows under dry tropical conditions in Nicaragua. A study of Moringa leaf meal as a protein source in concentrates to dairy cows found no significant difference in milk production. Moringa as sole roughage resulted in higher digestibility of both CP and fiber with no effect on milk yield. Results suggest that with optimal planting density-fertiliser D2 and N3 combination, moringa leaf meal can successfully replace commercial concentrate ingredients for dairy cows. (78)
• Anticancer Potential / Breast and Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines / Leaves and Bark: Study evaluated the anti-cancer effect of Moringa oleifera leaves, bark, and seed extracts against MDA-MB-231 and HCT-8 cancer cell lines. Extracts of leaves and bark showed remarkable anticancer properties, and, surprisingly, seeds hardly exhibited activity. There was significant increase in number of apoptotic cells. GC-MS analysis yielded numerous known anti-cancer compounds viz. eugenol, isopropyl isothiocynate, D-allose, and hexadeconoic acid ethyl ester. (79)
• Moringa Tree as a Local Solution to Malnutrition: The paper presents moringa as a possible solution to malnutrition in Africa, discussing its nutritional value, its use in malnutrition prevention programs. (80)
• Cancer Selective Antiproliferative / Leaves: Study showed M. oleifera leaf extract had no statistically significant effect on either of the breast cell lines, cancerous or non-cancerous. However, there was a significant difference in cell proliferation between lung cancer cell lines. The results do not support the use of Moringa leaf extract as a cancer killing agent or future cancer treatment option. Increase in cell proliferation of normal lung cells at low concentrations reinforces its healing properties. While Moringa is unlikely to be a cancer killing agent, it could still be an effective cancer preventive by increasing normal cell proliferation and preventing cancer cells from achieving metastatic growth. (81)
• Antifungal / Leaves: Study evaluated the antifungal activity of methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of M. oleifera. Both extracts showed activity against Rizopus stolonifer and Microsporum gypsum. The EA extract was more active against M. gypsum while the ME was more active against R. stolonifer. Phytochemical analysis yielded alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, triterpenoids, and steroid. (82)
• Side Effects, Drug Interaction and Toxicity Concerns: (1) MO may increase the risk of side effects with drugs that are substrates of Cytochrome P450, including CYP3A4; (2) If pregnant, the bark may cause uterine contractions; reported to induced abortion; (3) Chronic co-administration with Moringa may decrease the anti-hyperglycemic effect of sitagliptin; (4) MO was found genotoxic at supra-supplementation levels of 3,000 mg/kbw in a murine model. (83)
• Hepatoprotective / Acetaminophen Toxicity / Leaves: Study in acetaminophen-induced liver disease in mice showed that leaves of MO can prevent hepatic injuries by preventing the decline of glutathione level. (84)
• Protease Inhibitor as Seafood Preservative: Study of plants from different families showed Moringa oleifera to yield a high level of protease inhibitor activity. The PI showed high inhibitory activity toward the serine proteases thrombin, elastase, chymotrypsin, and cysteine proteases cathepsin B and papain, of importance in the phamaceutical industry. Further study showed the PI could prevent proteolysis in commercially valuable shrimp Penaeus monodon during storage indicating potential application as seafood preservative. (86)
• Nanoparticles / Antiproliferative Antibacterial Potential: Study reports on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera in a one-pot green synthesis technique. The review discussed the therapeutic potential of AuNPs as anticancer and antibacterial agents. (87)
• Anthelmintic / Seed Oil: Study evaluated the anthelmintic activity of Moringa oleifera seed oil against Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. Results showed potent anthelmintic activity in measures of time of paralysis and time of death of worms. Effect was comparable to piperazine standard. (88)
• Antioxidant / Anti-Inflammatory / Antinociceptive / Leaves: Study evaluated a methanolic leaf extract for pharmacologic activities in mice and rats. Results showed a significant antinociceptive (writhes and formalin licking tests) and anti-inflammatory (carrageenan and histamin-induced tests) activities, although no in the same degree as the reference drug indomethacin. On antioxidant testing, the extract showed 86.0% ABTS inhibitory activity, 49.0% DPPH inhbitory activity, and 82.7 µmol/L ascorbic acid equivalent for FRAP and 17.2 µmol/L GA equivalent for total phenolics. On acute toxicity study, no animal died even at doses of 1600 mg/kg. (89)
• Modulatory Effect
on Endogenous Antioxidant and Inflammatory Markers / Acetaminophen Nephrotoxicity / Leaves: A Moringa oleifera leaf extract demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness against APAP-induced nephrotoxicity via enhancement of endogenous antioxidant system and a modulatory effect on specific inflammatory cytokines in the renal system. (90)
In the
news
• In Leyte, extracted
malungay juice is mixed with lemonsito juice to make ice candies or
cold drinks, making it more palatable and agreeable to children who
detest vegetables.
Because of its high vitamin A, C, and E content, all potent antioxidants,
malunggay is a very effective in removing unstable free radicals that
is damaging to molecules and pro-aging.
• For the men: The fruit is reported to increase sperm count!
• For increasing breast milk: One rounded tablespoon of leaf powder provides
14% of protein requirements, 40% of calcium, 23% of iron, and the daily
vitamin A needs of a child aged one to three. Six rounded tablespoons
of leaf powder will provide the woman's daily iron and calcium needs
during pregnancy and breast-feeding.
• Highest Antioxidant Score: In an independent, Moringa oleifera scored the highest antioxidant content of any food yet discovered, beating the record-holding aci berry by over 50% margin, measuring over 157,000 umoles using the Oxidant Source Absorbent Capacity (ORAC) system.
Biofuel
source
• Moringa oil extracted
from the seed of the malunggay plant is now being tapped as source of
biodiesel. It is gaining preferable status over Jatropha as a source
of biofuel. All parts of the malunggay plant are used whereas Jatropha
is left with poisonous waste after oil extraction. Also, malunggay needs
only one to two years for seedling maturation compared to Jatropha's
three to five years. The math of malunggay's commercial potential is
attractive: Seeds are bought at P10 per kilo, and a hectare of malunggay
seedlings can harvest 20,000 kilos in 2 years with a potential profit
of P200,000.
(Philippine Star)
Toxicities
ª Root bark contains
2 alkaloids, as well as the toxic hypotensive moringinine. (Moringinine also stimulates cardiac function through its effect on the sympathetic nervous system.)
ª Has dose-dependent negative inotropic effect, in isolated frog heart
study.
• Niazinin A, niazimicin and niaziminin A and B isolated from
the ethanol extract produced hypotensive, bradycardic and negative inotropic
effects in experimental animals.
• The bark may cause violent uterine contractions that can be
fatal. Chronic high-dose use may cause liver and kidney dysfunctions.
• In frequent or large doses, Interior flesh of the plant can
cause toxic nerve paralysis from the alkaloid spirochin. source
Superstitions
Malunggay
ingestion is avoided in the immediate period after a family member's
death. In the superstitions-laden isms of rural Tagalog
life, as a malunggay branch or twig will shed off all its leaves within a few hours of being snapped off a tree, ingesting malunggay might bring death to a relative. Avoiding
its use is strongly advised during the ritual of nine days of prayers after a death.
Availability
- Wild-crafted.
- Garden and back-yard cultivation.
- Worldwide cultivation.
- Commercial production of oil extracted from flowers.
- Malunggay capsule (Natalac) each containing 250 mg dried young malunggay
leaves.
- Seeds, extracts, leaf powder, supplements and various Miracle Tree products in the cybermarkets. |
