 Gen info
- Chrysanthemums, sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genus Chrysanthemum inn the family Asteraceae. Countless horticultural varieties and cultivars exist.
- Chrysanthemum x morifolium, also known in the US as florist's daisy and hardy garden mum, is a hybrid species of perennial plant genus Chrysanthemum of the Asteraceae family.
(22)
- In China, they have been around since 500 BCE, with more than 500 varieties reported in 1630.
- It is recorded in the oldest Chinese medical material, Shennong Ben Cao Jing (early modern era), in the category of superior drugs, and is ingredient to products related to the search of immortality. It's prolonged use is believed to life the inhibition of blood and qi, alleviates the body, slows ageing, and prolongs life. (22)
- In the 16th century, the physician and herbalist Li Shizhen in his Great Treaty of Medical Matter, reported a hundred cultivars, and attributed to them medicinal properties of "eliminating heat and toxins".
(22)
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A stylized depiction of Chrysanthemum morifolium is used as the official emblem of the imperial family (Imperial Seal of Japan). (13)
- Etymology: The genus name Chrysanthemum means "golden flower". The specific epithet morifolium means "mulberry-leaved", referring to the leaf shape that looks like those of mulberry. (31)
Botany
• Rosas de Japon is similar to manzanilla in botanical description, but usually taller. Flowering heads are white or variously colored in the Philippines, up to 10 centimeters or more in diameter, and composed of numerous rows of ray-flowers.
• Growth form: Perennial herbaceous hybrid up to 1 m tall. Stem becomes woody at the base over time.
Foliage: Leaves are pubescent (covered with fine hair), olive green, have petioles of 1 - 2 cm long. Leaf blade is ovate to oblong ovate, measuring 4 - 10 cm by 3 - 5 cm, deeply lobed. Base is truncate to subcordate. Stems: Stems are erect or ascending, sometimes procumbent. They are sparsely branched. Flowers: Inflorescence is a head composed of many ray and disk florets. Plant needs short days to flower. (31)
Distribution
- Cultivated for ornamental purposes.
- Grows especially well in Baguio.
- Not naturalized.
- Native of China.
Properties
- Considered aromatic, cooling, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, febrifuge, demulcent, hypotensive.
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The ordinary cultivated varieties is considered beneficial to the blood and circulation and to preserve vitality.
- Studies have suggest antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimelanogenic, antitumor, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, cardioprotective, vasorelaxant, neuroprotective, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory, anticancer, natural preservative, sleep enhancing, hepatoprotective properties.
Parts used
Leaves and flowers.
Uses
Edibility
- The flower heads or petals are parboiled, served as salad with tofu and seasoned with vinegar or soy sauce. Also prepared as tempura, pickled, dried or added to soups. (14)
- Leaves are cooked; used as fritters. (14)
- Flowers and leaves used for making tea.
For a sweeter and fragrant floral tea, only the petals are used. (14)
- For making tea, steep the flowers gently in hot water for no more than 10 minutes in a closed vessel, to preserve the essential oil.
- The Chinese used to cook with chrysanthemum as herb and added young shoots and petals to salads. During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), the blooms and leaves found their way in use for tea. Flower infusions are said to contain more vitamins, minerals, and amino acids than green tea. (29)
Folkloric
- Plant is used like manzanilla.
- Decoction of leaves and flowers used for stomachache and as an enema.
- Flowers are prescribed for colds, headaches and inflamed eyes. For the same afflictions, pillows are filled with flowers and leaves.
- Ethnomedicinally, flower has been used to cure excessive heat in the body, eye inflammation, headache, fever, migraine, skin infections, vertigo, eye itching, blurred vision, influenza, angina, dizziness,
stomatitis, hypertension. (33)
- White variety considered especially useful in preserving hair from falling out or turning gray.
- Flowers soaked in wine, producing "chrysanthemum wine," is used for a variety of digestive, circulatory and nervous difficulties.
- Dew collected from the flowers is held in repute to preserve and restore vital functions.
- Decoction of flowers used for promotion of menses, as a wash for infected and cancerous sores, and as fomentation for enlarged glands.
- Mixed with Japanese honeysuckle for the treatment of hypertension.
- In traditional Chinese medicine, used for hypertension, angina, fevers, inflammation, and cancer.
- In East Asia, traditionally used for poor eye sight, dizziness, blurred vision, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, chronic inflammation.
- Leaf juice is smeared on wounds. (14)
- In Korea, dried flowers used as traditional insomnia treatment. (27)
Others
- Indoor plant: Used as indoor plant to help removed toxins and chemical vapors from the atmosphere, i.e., formaldehyde, benzene, and ammonia. (14)
Studies
• Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors / Flowers: Study on the MeOH extract of flowers of C. sinense yielded a new flavone glucoside, acacetin 7- O-(3- O-acetyl- beta- D-glucopyranoside) together with 27 known compounds. Compounds displayed significant xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity in a concentration-dependent manner, greater than the allopurinol control. (1)
• Antioxidant: Study isolated two dicaffeoylquinic acids from C. morifolium which were found to show strong antioxidant activities in the DPPH radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging systems.
• Flavonoids / Volatiles: Study of flavonoids and volatiles in the C. morifolium Ramat flowers yielded 8 flavonoids and 58 volatiles. Luteolin-7-glucoside and quercitrin were the most abundant flavonoids accounting for 85.7% of the detected flavonoids. B-humulene was the most abundant volatile. The health benefits of C. morifolim may be related to the abundant flavonoids and volatiles. (2)
• Antimicrobial: Study of extracts of seven species of C. morifolium Ramat showed 9 of 21 extracts with antimicrobial activity against S aureus, while 3 had activity against methicillin resistant Staph aureus. (3)
• Toxicity Study: Study of CM extract in rats showed no toxicological changes in the acute toxicity and long-term toxicity studies and is considered to be safe in general to rats at limited dose level. The maximal tolerance dose estimated was greater than 15 g/kbw in rats. (4)
• Vasorelaxant Effect: Study showed the CME induces both endothelium-dependent and independent relaxation. (5)
• Neuroprotective: Study showed that CM possesses potent neuroprotective activity with a potential for application in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's diseases. (6)
• Neuroprotective Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury:Study evaluating the neuroprotective effect of total flavones extracted from C. morifolium showed pretreatment with TFCM provided significant protection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats, at least in part, by its antioxidant action and consequent inhibition of mitochondrial swelling. (7)
• Bone Marrow Toxicity with Chrysanthemum Flower and Azathioprine: C. sinense is a known inhibitor of XO (xanthine oxidase) and its co-administration with azathioprine is likely to result in an increase in shunting of 6-MP to form 6-TGN metabolites which are incorporated into DNA resulting in decreased WBC replication/activation which can facilitate apoptosis of WBCs. (9)
• Antimelanogenic / Antioxidative / Photoprotective on UV-Irradiation Skin Damage: Study evaluated the possible synergistic effect between an aqueous extract of C. morifolium and peptide mixture of soy peptide and collagen peptide in UV (ultraviolet) irradiation-induced skin damage mouse model. Results showed an apparent photoprotective effect with synergistic antimelanogenic and antioxidative effects in UV-irradiated mice. (11)
• Comparative Antioxidant Activity of Flowers According to Color: Study evaluated extracts C. morifolium pink, yellow, and while flowers for antioxidant activity using DPPH assay. Results showed significant antioxidant activity with IC50 of 10.00 mg/ml, 11.00 mg/ml, and 40.00 mg/ml for white, pink, and yellow flower extracts, compared to ascorbic acid standard with 11.50 mg/ml. (see constituents above) (12)
• Antitumor Activity /
Leaves: Study evaluated the antitumor potential of aqueous leaf extracts of ten different cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium using potato disc tumor assay. The Yellow coin cultivar exhibited maximum (69.85%) inhibition in the induction of tumors in the tumor assay. Results suggest a potential source for development of antitumor agents for humans. (15)
• Amelioration of Colitis / Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota / Polysaccharides: Study evaluated the effect of polysaccharides from C. morifolium on gut microbiota on an ulcerative colitis (UC) rat model. Results showed oral administration of Chrysanthemum polysaccharides could ameliorate ulcerative colitis by fostering beneficial intestinal flora growth, modulating the balance of intestinal microecology and restoring immune system. (16)
• Cardioprotective / Alleviation of Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy: Study evaluated the effect of polyphenol-rich C. morifolium extract on Sprague-Dawley rats with hypertension-induced by renovascular hypertension. Results suggest the extract may alleviate hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy from induced hypertension. The mechanism may be related to the reduction of blood pressure and amelioration of myocardial energy metabolism. The latter may be due to inhibition of HIF-α expression and subsequent modulation of PPARα-mediated CPT-1a, PDK-4, and GLUT-4 expressions. (17)
• Cardioprotective in Ischemia/Anoxia
and Reperfusion/Reoxygenation: Study investigated the effect of C. morifolium on isolated heart and ventricular myocytes during ischemia/anoxia and reperfusion/ reoxygenation. The ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary of isolated rat heart. Study suggests C. morifolium could protect the myocardium against injury induced by ischemia/reperfursion or anoxia/reoxygenation. The cardioprotection could be mediated by its vasorelaxation and antioxidation. (18)
Silver Nanopparticles / Application in Clinical Ultrasound Gel: Study reports on an simple, eco-friendly green synthesis pf water-soluble silver nanoparticles treated with Chrysanthemum morifolium as reducing and stabilizing agent during synthesis. The AgNPs showed potent growth inhibitory bactericidal activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia and and could be applied as a clinical ultrasound gel with compliance of adverse effects, (19)
• Flavonoids / Antitumor: Study reports on an optimized extraction process for flavonoids from Chrysanthemum morifolium. The flavonoids were evaluated for inhibitory effect on human gastric cancer MKN45 cells using MTT assay. Results showed CM inhibited the proliferation of MKN45 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The proportion of apoptotic cells increased in a dose-dependent manner. Study suggests flavonoids from C. morifolium exerted antitumor effects on MKN45, with potential as antitumor therapeutic for gastric cancer. (20)
• Natural Preservative / Antimicrobial / Antioxidant / Essential Oil: Study of essential oil showed antioxidant potential with IC50 of 2.59 mg/mL. Study showed potential for inclusion as spices in food and incorporation in food products and pharmaceutical preparations as natural preservatives possessing antioxidant potential. (see constituents above) (23)
• Anticancer / Antioxidant / Essential Oil: Study evaluated various extracts of Chrysanthemum morifolium for cytotoxicity using cell viability assays (MTT, Crystal Violet, Tryptan Blue) and IC50s for HeLa and HepG2 cancerous cell lines. CM revealed dose-dependent cytotoxic impacts against HeLa and HepG2 cells, with notable reductions in cell viability and heightened cell death at elevated concentrations. Antioxidant assays showed enhanced CAT, APOX, and GSH activities in cancer cells treated with CM, suggesting a role in oxidative stress supervision. (24)
• Protective Effect on Lipopolysaccharide Induced Acute Lung Injury: Study evaluated the effect of C. morifolium ethanol extract (CEE) on lipopolysaccharide induced acute lung injury in mice. Results showed CEE could improve lung histopathological injury, reduce the ratio of wet/dry lung weight and lung index, inhibit the increase of white blood cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophiles, and reduce increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6. CEE also significantly increased levels of TGF-ß1 and UK-10, and markedly decreased the activity of T-AOC and contents of MDA in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism of protective effect may be through balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, and the oxygen free radicals inhibition. (26)
• Enhancement of Sleep Quality / Flowers: In Korea, dried flowers used as traditional insomnia treatment. Study evaluated the sleep-promoting activity and improving sleep quality of Chry extract and its active substance linarin in a pentobarbital-induced sleep experiment in mice and EEG and EMG analysis in rats. The Chr extract and linarin promoted longer sleep duration in pentobarbital-induced sleep test in a dose-dependent manner at both hypnotic and subhynotic doses. Chry ext also significantly improved sleep quality as seen by relative power of low-frequency delta waves. Chry ext augmented pentobarbital-induced sleep duration and enhanced sleep quality in EEG waves. Effect may be due to activation of the Cl- channel. (27)
• Contraindications / Adverse Reactions / Herb-Drug Reactions: Contraindications: Patients with allergy to ragweed should avoid the herb. Transplant patients should avoid this botanical, as it may increase blood levels of and toxicity from immunosuppressive agents. Adverse Reactions: Contact dermatitis, hypersensitivity reactions, and photosensitivity. (Protein contact dermatitis, chronic actinic dermatitis accompanied by ultraviolet A photosensitivity, airborne dermatitis). Herb-Drug Interactions: Chrysanthemum extracts are known to induce and inhibit CYP3A4 activities resulting in changes in blood levels of substrate drugs (unknown clinical relevance). Chrysanthemum inhibits P-gp (P-glycoprotein substrates) resulting in increased intracellular concentration of substrate drugs (Clinical relevance unknown). (28)
• Hepatoprotective / Flavonoids / Petals: Study of Chrysanthemum x morifolium forma exculentum Makino c.v. identified major flavonoids contained in petals of edible flowers. HPLC chromatography of polyphenol fraction identified luteolin 7-O-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, and luteolin. Spectroscopic analysis determined the compounds to be luteolin 7-O-(6''-O-malonyl)-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-(6''-O-malonyl)-glucoside, and acacetin 7-O-(6''-O-malonyl)-glucoside. Increases in plasma AST and ALT activities in mice with liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride were strongly suppressed by oral administration of luteolin and 7-O-(6''-O-malonyl)-glucoside, which have stronger radical scavenging activity than other compounds. The compounds, which have maolonic acid on its glucosyl moiety, may be available for mitigation of liver injury. (30)
• Reduction of Postprandial Lipemia and Glycemia: Study evaluated the effect of Imperial Chrysanthemum extract on postprandial glycemic and lipemic response and antioxidant status in adults after consumption of a high-fat (HF) meal. Extracts yielded 12 compounds with relative content of more than 1% of the extracts of which amino acid and derivatives, flavonoids, carboxylic acids and derivatives were the main components. Content of flavonoids in the ICP was increased, and cynaroside and apigenin were the main components. The HF diet comsumption with the IC extract decreased postprandial glucose, and significantly improved serum antioxidant status. Study suggests IC has potential application value in pharmaceutical and food industries. (32)
Availability
Wild-crafted.
Herbs, granules, flower extracts in the cybermarket.
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